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It is essential in the maintenance and upkeep of eukaryotic membranes and fundamental to secretion, endocytosis, and autophagy ( Saftig and Puertollano, 2021). Lysosomal fusion underlies a plethora of cellular processes. However, this will require additional information about its structure and how the complex acts in the biological environment of the cell. Shvarev, Schoppe, König et al.’s findings could help researchers to develop drugs to maintain or recover the activity of HOPS. The complex is also targeted by viruses – such as SARS-CoV-2 – that manipulate HOPS to reduce its activity. HOPS is a crucial component in the cellular machinery, and mutations in the complex can cause devastating neurological defects.

This creates a bridge that allows the proteins to wrap around each other, driving the membranes to fuse. In addition to HOPS acting as a tether to bring the membranes together, it can also bind directly to SNAREs. to provide a model for how HOPS interacts with SNAREs and membranes. Using cryo-electron microscopy, a technique that relies on freezing purified proteins to image them with an electron microscope and reveal their structure, allowed Shvarev, Schoppe, König et al.

This assembly of six proteins is vital for lysosomal fusion and, has a composition similar to the equivalent complex in humans.

studied the structure of the HOPS complex from yeast. To understand how these tethers play a role, Shvarev, Schoppe, König et al. Other proteins are also required to tether the membranes together before they fuse. It is known that both fusing membranes must contain proteins called SNAREs, which wind around each other when they interact. The mechanism through which these membranes fuse is not fully clear. To allow the nutrients to enter the lysosome without creating a leak, the membranes of the vesicles and the lysosome must fuse. When new nutrients reach the cell, they travel to the lysosome packaged in vesicles, which have their own fatty membrane. Lysosomes are surrounded by a membrane, a barrier of fatty molecules that protects the rest of the cell from being digested.

This is done by compartments called lysosomes that are filled with a cocktail of proteins called enzymes, which speed up the breakdown process. Our cells break down the nutrients that they receive from the body to create the building blocks needed to keep us alive.

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